七 个 世 界 一 个 星 球
在南美洲的最南端 At the southern tip of South America,
雄伟的安第斯山脉拔地而起 the Andes mountains rise almost vertically.
这里的海拔高度影响了这片大陆上的所有生命 Their very height affects life throughout the continent.
荒凉的山坡看起来并非宜居之处 The barren slopes look inhospitable.
但是和南美洲其它地区一样 这里同样生活着丰富多样的珍禽异兽 But like all parts of South America, they're actually rich with wildlife.
这是美洲狮一家 A family of puma.
它们是栖息地覆盖范围最往南的猫科动物 They live further south than any other kind of cat on Earth.
这些幼崽只有六个月大 These cubs are only six months old -
完全依赖妈妈喂养 entirely dependent on their mother for food.
美洲狮妈妈知道如何利用这片崎岖的山地 She knows how to exploit this rugged landscape to her advantage.
这样它才能 And she has to do so,
击败这片大陆最难对付的猎物 if she is to catch the continent's most challenging prey.
南 美 洲
解说：大卫·爱登堡
一群原驼 它们是骆驼的近亲 Guanaco - a relative of the camel.
原驼高达两米 重量是美洲狮的三倍以上 Two metres tall and over three times the weight of a puma.
美洲狮妈妈寄希望于直击猎物的咽喉 令其窒息 The mother's only hope is to go for the throat and try to suffocate her prey.
幼小的美洲狮们想赶来帮忙 Her cubs try to help...
但是它们没有足够的捕猎技能和力气 ...but they themselves don't yet have the skills or the weight
难以应对如此庞大的猎物 to bring down such large prey.
美洲狮妈妈遭受重创 And the mother is now badly injured.
它的伤势很严重 需要数周时间才能恢复 Her wounds are severe and will take weeks to heal properly.
然而没有食物 它的幼崽支撑不了太久 But without food, her cubs won't survive for long.
安第斯山脉的天气恶劣多变 The weather in the Andes is harsh and unpredictable.
茫茫大雪让美洲狮妈妈很难实现有效的伪装 Snow makes the camouflage on which she relies much less effective.
但是它必须找到食物 But she must have food.
原驼们离开了美洲狮妈妈经常出没的狩猎领地 The guanaco have left her normal hunting ground...
进入了一只体形更大的雄性美洲狮的势力范围 ...and are now in the territory of a much larger male puma.
这只美洲狮刚刚捕到了一只猎物 却不愿与美洲狮妈妈分享 He's just made a kill, but he isn't about to share it with her.
要想成功捕猎 美洲狮妈妈必须先把幼崽 To hunt here, she'll need to leave her cubs behind
留在自己安全的领地内 in the safety of their home territory.
它躲藏在阴影里 猎物近在咫尺 Almost invisible in the shadows, she's nearly within pouncing distance.
又失败了 Another failure.
这一次它全速前进 She's got her speed back.
现在它不能轻易松口 Now she must hold on.
然而它置身于雄性美洲狮的领地 所获猎物并不安全 But she is in the male's territory, so her prize isn't safe...
它饥肠辘辘的幼崽们还远在一公里之外 ...and her hungry cubs are almost a mile away.
它的身体很虚弱 需要费九牛二虎之力 In her weakened state, she will need all her reserves of energy
才能把这头猎物拖回自己的领地 to drag it back onto her territory.
它一心想喂饱自己的孩子 坚持前行 Only her determination to feed her young keeps her going.
就快到了 Nearly there.
这顿美餐只能满足全家几天的口粮 This one meal will barely last the whole family for more than a few days.
之后 美洲狮妈妈还要竭尽全力 继续捕猎 Then their mother - somehow - will have to summon the strength to hunt again.
在这片土地上 猎食动物的生活也很艰辛 Life for a hunter in this land is as hard as it gets.
来自地壳深处的力量造就了巍峨的安第斯山脉 The Andes themselves were built by forces deep in the Earth's crust.
亿万年来 In this part of the Pacific,
太平洋的这部分海床一直在向东移动 the ocean floor has been moving eastwards for millions of years.
当沉积物碰撞到南美大陆边缘时 Where the sediments meet the edge of the continent,
板块受到挤压 向上抬升 they're pushed together and forced upwards.
在巨大的抬升作用下 岩石隆起 产生裂缝 This pressure creates fractures up which molten rock rises
火山喷发出火山灰和岩浆 and is then spewed out as ash and lava from great volcanoes.
接近200多条山脉沿着美洲大陆的纵深走向 向南北两侧延伸 Nearly 200 of them stretch in a line along the length of the continent.
火山喷发的威力相当于每隔十秒就产生一次原子弹爆炸 Some erupt with the force of an atomic bomb every ten seconds.
随着板块继续碰撞 海床向下俯冲 As the collision continues, the sea floor is dragged downwards,
在近海形成了一道深深的海沟 creating a deep trench just offshore.
大量低温海水涌向上层 Rich, cold waters rise up from it.
这股上升的水流促生了种类繁多的生物 And this upwelling creates an abundance of life.
在秘鲁的海岸上 Here, on the coast of Peru,
大量海鸟聚集在近海捕捉鱼类 there are so many seabirds fishing in the offshore waters
山崖上覆盖的排泄物足有一米厚 that the cliffs are covered in droppings over a metre thick.
柔软的鸟粪 是洪堡企鹅 Humboldt penguins regard the soft guano
挖掘洞穴的理想材料 as a good material in which to dig their nest holes.
但这是一份脏兮兮的差事 But it's a messy business.
如今是繁殖的季节 越来越多的洪堡企鹅想来此筑巢 It's the breeding season, and more hopeful nesters arrive,
它们刚从海里出来 还很整洁 spotless from swimming in the sea.
现在轮到早来者去洗澡了 同时为自己 Time for the residents to get cleaned up and catch some fish
和雏鸟捕些鱼 for themselves and their chicks.
想要出海 就要穿越一片旧有的筑巢地 To get to the sea, they cross the remains of an old nesting ground.
再走100米就到了 Only 100 metres to go.
不巧的是海滩上挤满了海狮 But the beach is already crowded with sea lions.
它们同样也是来海滩上养育后代的 They too have come ashore to raise their young.
它们不喜欢被打扰 And they don't like being disturbed.
要想穿越雷区 需要一个胆量过人的领袖 To get through such a minefield needs a bold and courageous leader.
这是一个勇敢的开始 A brave start.
它无路可走了 A dead end.
现在有了大麻烦 Now he's in trouble.
它能做的只有另辟蹊径 This is going to need a bit of crowd surfing.
眼下它们惊动了所有的海狮 But now all the sea lions are roused.
想要通过海滩难上加难 Getting through them will be tricky.
终于能在海里痛痛快快洗个澡了 A cleansing bathe in the ocean...
一切都是值得的 ...well worth the effort.
安第斯山脉将太平洋沿岸的动物 The animals living along the Pacific coast
与南美洲其它地区彻底隔绝 are cut off from the rest of South America by the Andes.
安第斯山脉如同一个巨大的屏障 从南部的巴塔哥尼亚 They form a gigantic barrier, stretching over 4,000 miles
延伸6000多公里 直到北部的委内瑞拉 from Patagonia in the south to Venezuela in the north.
这是世界上最长的山脉 This is the world's longest mountain range.
其中一些山峰的海拔高达7000米左右 Many peaks are over four miles high.
云雾被这此高大的山峰阻挡 They are so tall they catch clouds...
形成了一个不同于南美大陆任何地方的特殊环境 ...and so create an environment unlike any other on the continent.
云雾森林 The cloud forest.
每座山谷都蕴藏着独一无二的野生动植物 Every high valley here has its own unique plants and animals.
其中一种被人称为匹诺曹安乐蜥 One of them is the aptly named Pinocchio lizard.
50年前它在这里被人们首次发现 但后来又消失了 It was first recorded here 50 years ago and then lost.
直到最近 人们才再次有所发现 It's only recently been rediscovered.
这里还生活着一种极其罕见的生物 Up here lives a creature so rare that it's seldom seen,
就连专程到此研究的科学家也难得一见 even by those scientists who have come here to study it.
它就是眼镜熊 The Andean bear.
现存数量仅有几千只 Only a few thousand remain.
它们主要吃树叶和水果 They eat mostly leaves and fruit,
经常会爬到树冠顶端觅食 often clambering up to the very top of the canopy to do so.
它正在寻找一种小巧的鳄梨 He's looking for a type of miniature avocado...
这里离地30米高 ...30 metres up.
这种果实生长在最细的树枝上 The only fruit remaining here is out on the thinnest branches -
但细嫩的枝条无法承受一只熊的重量 too thin to support the weight of a bear.
一只更有经验的眼镜熊出现了 它想试试 A more experienced bear has turned up and wants a go.
年轻的眼镜熊得到了观察学习的好机会 Time for young ones to watch and learn how to do it.
关键是要掌握好力度 咬折树枝 The trick is to bite the branch just enough...
使树枝弯折下来 让果子触手可及 ...to make it swing down and bring the fruit within reach.
大事不好 Whoops!
比赛开始了 果实先到先得 Now there's a race to be first on the ground to claim it.
形成云雾森林的水汽条件 The moisture needed to create a cloud forest
只有在一定的高度才能实现 only occurs above a certain altitude...
因此 每座山峰都可能有其独特的物种 ...so each peak may now have its own species.
在委内瑞拉 我们也可以发现类似的世外桃源 In Venezuela, there are similar small worlds,
创造它们的不是雨水 而是岩石 created not by rain, but by rock.
很久以前 这里被巨大的砂岩地层覆盖 A great layer of sandstone once covered this entire area,
后来受到河流的不断冲刷 but rivers cut through it.
随着山谷逐渐扩宽 高地变成了一片广阔的高原 As the valleys widened, the tablelands became first huge plateaus,
之后又变成了零星分布的平项山 then isolated flat-topped mountains...
最终 又变得高耸入云 ...and, eventually, towers and spires.
在大山的顶部 与世隔绝的动植物不断进化 已经和其它生物截然不同 On the tops of the bigger ones, animals and plants have now become so different
能被认定为新物种了 that they can be counted as new species.
这里就是世界上海拔最高的 There is no higher waterfall in the world...
瀑布 ...than this one.
安赫尔瀑布 从上到下落差接近一公里 Angel Falls - almost a kilometre from top to bottom.
这里有着近乎垂直的悬崖峭壁 The vertical cliffs surrounding many of these mountains
很大程度上逃避了人类活动的破坏 have kept them largely free from human exploitation.
低地没有任何这样的障碍作为保护 No such barriers have protected the lowlands...
仅有几片森林保留下来 ...but a few patches of forest still remain.
在哥伦比亚的—片森林中 生活着世界上一种极其稀有的猴子 One in Colombia is the home of one of the world's rarest monkeys.
绒顶柽柳猴 Cotton-topped tamarins.
这种猴子极度濒危 They're critically endangered.
现存的猴群仅有几百个 Only a few hundred families remain.
他们主要以水果为食 They live largely on fruit
喜食树木的枝液 and are particularly fond of tree sap.
枝液中糖分很高 所以也引来了不少昆虫 This is packed with sugars, so it also attracts insects.
昆虫也是一道美味 But tamarins like them too -
可以为猴子们补充蛋白质 a little bit of protein to add to their diet.
过去有50000多种昆虫供它们随意挑选 There used to be over 50,000 species of insect to choose from...
但是随着森林面积不断缩小 ...but as the forest has shrunk around them,
它们很难找到合适的食物 it's becoming more difficult to find the right ones.
南美洲充满着变化 South America is changing.
95%的哥伦比亚低地森林已经消失殆尽 Over 95% of Colombia's lowland forest has now been cleared.
农业成为了当地开发的重中之重 Farming has taken the biggest share.
仅仅剩下这一片孤零零的森林 This patch of forest is now isolated.
为数不多的绒顶柽柳猴种群 The few tamarin families here
被迫和同伴分开 are now cut off from the rest of their species...
森林之外是一个截然不同的世界 ...and beyond their boundary lies an alien world.
如今南美洲的两千多种动物正面临着生存威胁 Today, more than 2,000 species of animal in South America are under threat.
在这片大陆的各个角落 All across the continent,
森林逐渐被砍伐殆尽 成为一片片农田 forest is being steadily cut down and replaced by farms.
来自太空的图像揭示了这场浩劫的规模 Images from space reveal the scale of the destruction.
放眼整个南美地区 Throughout South America as a whole,
每五秒钟 就有一片足球场大小的林地消失 an area of forest the size of a football pitch is being lost every five seconds.
在所有濒临消失的森林中 Of all the forests at risk,
最珍贵的位于南美洲的心脏地带 perhaps the most precious lies in the very heart of the continent.
亚马孙雨林 The Amazon rainforest -
地球上最大的森林 the largest on Earth.
现在 这里生活着超过200万种动植物 Over two million species of plants and animals now live here -
这里的物种比七大洲的任何地方都多 more than is found on any other of the Earth's seven continents.
这里有着丰富的食物 以至于一些雄鸟不愿帮忙筑巢 Food is so abundant that some male birds, instead of helping with nest duties,
只想着与尽可能多的雌鸟交配 try to mate with as many females as possible.
这是一只雄性燕尾娇鹟 它正在向异性炫耀自己 This is a male manakin showing off to a female.
它展示了自己的舞步 He does so by dancing...
还有一群雄性同伴为它伴舞 ...and he has a team of subordinate males to help him.
这群前来助兴的雄性 有朝一日也可能成为主角 By supporting him now, they may themselves eventually become leaders
得到交配的机会 and get a chance to mate.
舞团集结完毕 开始了表演 The team is assembled and the performance begins.
雌性靠近一步 认真欣赏 She takes a closer look.
领舞的雄性以华丽的的技巧展示收场 The top male signals the end with a final flourish.
它会得到怎样的答复 What's the verdict?
还不够精彩 Not good enough.
真是不可思议 Unbelievable!
它还需要多多练习 So it's back to practising.
在这个拥挤的环境中 每种动物各显身手 Each animal species in this crowded environment has to have its own way
为自己在森林中谋得一席之地 of creating a niche for itself.
这是一只箭毒蛙 This is a poison dart frog.
雄性箭毒蛙抚养后代的方式十分特殊 Males raise their young in a very special way.
箭毒蛙爸爸会把每一只蝌蚪放置到专属的小水洼中 A father will place each one of his tadpoles in its own tiny pool of water.
就像这样 This is one.
看起来很安全 Nice and safe.
它最多还有五只蝌蚪需要照料 He might have up to five other tadpoles.
它必须记住每个蝌蚪的位置 But he needs to remember where he put each one of them.
这只的情况有些不妙 This one isn't doing so well.
小水洼几乎要干涸了 His tiny puddle has all but dried out.
除非能找到一个更好的地方 否则小蝌蚪必死无疑 The tadpole will die unless its father can find a better place for it.
和其它爸爸一样 箭毒蛙爸爸让小蝌蚪爬到了背上 If dads are good for one thing, it's piggyback rides.
箭毒蛙爸爸跟人类的指甲盖差不多大 Fathers are no bigger than a human thumbnail,
但它们能够到达其它动物很难进入的地方 but this enables them to get to places that others can't.
这里就不错 This could be perfect.
唯一的问题是 这里没有食物 The only problem is that there's no food here.
箭毒蛙爸爸需要帮助 Fathers need help.
在这片森林的某个地方 Somewhere in this forest...
生活着 ...is...
箭毒蛙妈妈 ...mum.
可以弥补爸爸做不到的事睛 A female could do something a male cannot.
但首先 箭毒蛙爸爸必须把自己的伴侣带到饥饿的蝌蚪身边 But first, dad must lead his partner to their hungry tadpole...
箭毒蛙妈妈为小蝌蚪提供粮食 ...and mother deals with the problem.
它产下一个未受精的卵 She lays a single unfertilised egg.
小蝌蚪得到了关键的一餐 And her tadpole gets a much-needed meal.
在接下来的六周里 这对父母将继续携手育儿 For the next six weeks, parents continue their rounds -
它们展现了非凡的合作精神和记忆力 an extraordinary test of teamwork and memory.
在热带阳光的照射下 亚马孙雨林的树木从树叶表面 Warmed by the tropical sun, the Amazon's trees release so much moisture
释放出大量的水气 它们蒸腾为云朵 from the surface of their leaves that they create their own clouds.
这样的云朵在一年中能带来深达六米的降水 And these, over the course of a year, release up to six metres of rain.
雨林水分饱和 降水汇成上千条小溪 The water flows through the saturated forest along a thousand streams.
溪水最终形成了全世界流量最大的河流 They eventually unite to form the largest river of them all.
在世界水量最大的八条河流中 The Amazon carries more water
亚马孙河的水量超过了其余七条的总和 than the world's next seven biggest rivers combined.
亚马孙河流域的一些河岸特别热闹 Some sections of its banks are particularly sought-after.
绯红金刚鹦鹉飞过100公里 只为了到此一游 Scarlet macaws travel over 50 miles to visit them.
绯红金刚鹦鹉忠于自己的伴侣 有些甚至相伴长达40年之久 Macaw couples bond for life and may stick together for over 40 years.
这对鹦鹉回到了自己最喜欢的 已经生活了几十年的树林 Pairs return to favourite trees, ones they've known for decades.
父母用水果和种子喂养雏鸟 Parents provide their chicks with fruits and seeds,
但它们远离海洋 饮食中缺乏盐分 but they're far from the ocean and their diet lacks salt.
没有盐分 雏鸟的大脑和骨骼将无法正常发育 Without it, the chicks' brains and bones will not develop properly.
它们必须找到解决办法 So someone has to go and fetch it.
其它动物也在寻找相同的东西 Many other creatures are looking for the same thing...
可取食的泥土 ...a clay lick.
这里的泥土含有大量的珍贵矿物质 The earth here may be 40 times richer in valuable minerals
比周围森林中要丰富40倍 than anywhere else in the surrounding forest.
超过12种鹦鹉忙着抢占地盘 Over a dozen species of parrot jostle for space.
它们严守规则 There's a strict order...
先后享用 ...in who feeds first.
每只鹦鹉都急着大饱口福 然后飞走 Everyone is in a rush to fill up and get airborne.
父母必须在雏鸟离巢之前 Parents have to carry over 5kg of clay to the nest
将5公斤泥土转移到巢中 before their chicks are ready to leave.
一旦雏鸟成年 它们将跟随父母长达一年 Once fledged, these young will follow their parents for up to a year,
学习寻找盐分的技能 learning where to find the salts.
南美洲美丽富饶的景象 不仅仅局限于亚马孙盆地 Many of the great riches of South America lie far beyond the Amazon basin.
在亚马孙河以南1600多公里的地方 Over 1,000 miles to the south of the Amazon,
有一处独一无二的小溪 there's one creek unlike any other on the continent.
在博尼图 大量淡水从地下深处涌出 形成一处清泉 Here at Bonito, freshwater springs bubble up from deep underground.
在石灰石的过滤下 泉水犹如水晶般晶莹剔透 Filtered through limestone, they create crystal-clear pools...
一种特别的鱼类生活在这处泉水中 ...and in them live some remarkable fish.
它们就是希氏石脂鲤 Piraputanga.
泉水非常清澈 鱼儿能够看到水面上方的一举一动 The water is so clear that they're able to see what is going on above its surface.
黑帽悬猴在水面上寻找食物 Brown capuchins are up there, looking for a meal.
希氏石脂鲤聚精会神地观察着这群猴子 The piraputanga watch them attentively.
河岸上的猴子走到哪里 鱼儿就在水下跟到哪里 Wherever the monkeys go along the banks, the fish follow.
猴子每天都会来到这里寻找成熟的水果 The monkeys are on their daily search for ripe fruit,
而鱼儿不知道确切的位置 and the fish cannot by themselves know where that might be.
就在这里 But here it is.
幸运的是 这群猴子的吃相毫不文雅 And fortunately, the monkeys aren't the neatest of feeders.
水里的鱼儿争夺着吃剩的水果 Every scrap is fought over.
岸上有一只猴子负责通风报信 One monkey has the job of keeping an eye out for danger.
水蚺是所有蛇类中最大的一种 Anacondas are the largest of all snakes.
它们的重量能超过200多公斤 They grow to over 200kg.
水蚺通常会从水中偷猎 And they usually stalk their prey from the water...
但是它们的目标不是鱼儿 ...but it's not fish that they're after.
如果黑帽悬猴离水面太近 就会处于危险之中 If the monkeys stray too close to the water, they will be in danger.
负责警戒的黑帽悬猴发出警告 The scout gives a warning call.
今天的用餐时间似乎应该结束了 That might have to be the end of the monkey's meal for today.
但是现在 希氏石脂鲤知道了水果的位置 But now the piraputanga know where the fruit is.
树上还有不少果实 And there's still plenty left on the tree.
即使黑帽悬猴不在 它们也能自力更生 In the monkeys' absence, they go for it themselves.
几毫米的误差 决定了他们的努力是成功 还是失败 Success or failure is just a matter of millimetres.
鱼儿一跃而起 在空中瞬间做出调整 With a split-second adjustment, the fish bends in midair
得到了应得的奖励 and collects the prize.
希氏石脂鲤非凡的觅食技巧 The piraputanga's extraordinary feeding technique
依赖于这片清澈的水源 relies on these waters remaining clear.
但是今天 南美河流的未来充满了变数 But today, the future of South America's rivers has become uncertain.
人类生活依赖于河流 随着人口的增长 人们逐渐将河流 As the human population has grown, people have become more and more reliant
视为现代生活不可或缺的基础 on its rivers for one of the essentials of modern life.
例如电力 Power.
现在南美能源的三分之二来自水力发电 Two-thirds of South America's energy now comes from hydroelectricity.
南美洲对水力的依赖程度远超世界其它地区 No other region on Earth is so dependent upon it.
倘若水坝管理不当 可能会导致更为严重的问题 But the way these dams are managed can cause problems farther downriver.
这里是伊瓜苏瀑布 These are the Iguazu Falls.
如果上游的水坝开闸放水 伊瓜苏瀑布的规模就会扩大一倍 If the dams upriver suddenly release their excess, Iguazu can double in size.
这会给生活在附近的动物带来极大的灾难 And that can cause major problems for animals that live here.
这是大黑雨燕 These are great dusky swifts.
它们飞到汹涌澎湃的洪流附近 They fly alarmingly close to the thundering torrent...
然后就消失了 ...and then vanish.
它们能够神奇地穿越水幕 Miraculously, they're able to fly right through the curtain of water.
它们之所以铤而走险 是因为它们的筑巢地就位于瀑布水幕后的岩壁上 And they do so because they've built their nests behind the thundering curtain.
像卡拉卡拉鹰这样的天敌不能跟随它们穿越瀑布 Their enemies - falcons, like this caracara - can't follow them.
因此 这群雨燕的雏鸟是安全的 So the swift chicks are safe.
但是现在 人类活动为雨燕带来了新的困难 But now humans have created new problems for the swifts.
就在这群雏鸟学习飞行时 Just as some of the chicks are starting to fly,
大坝为了避免水位过高而开闸放水 the spill over the dams is released in full force.
激增的水量 迫使雨燕父母放弃了最后的栖息地 As the torrent grows, parents give up on the last perches.
雏鸟孤零零地留在了后面 Now the chicks are alone.
它们还没有长出像父母那样的防水羽绒 But they don't yet have their parents' waterproof feathers.
每年 突如其来的洪流都会带走不少雏鸟的性命 Every year, the sudden surges of water sweep some to their death.
除了滚滚洪水 这群雏鸟还没有见过外面的世界 The chicks have never seen the world beyond the falling waters.
除非它们找到飞出瀑布的办法 否则只有死路一条 Unless they can find a way through, they will not survive.
不可思议的是 在本能的驱使下 Amazingly, driven by blind instinct,
一些雏鸟确实能够逃出去 chicks do manage to power their way through.
这群非凡的鸟儿在绝境之中 迎来了一线生机 These remarkable birds have colonised a niche in which few can survive.
然而它们的未来 乃自南美洲所有野生动植物的未来 Yet their future, and that of all wildlife in South America,
需要我们在这片富饶而多样的土地上 小心翼翼地权衡 will depend on us striking a balance between the needs of humans and animals,
人类与动物不同的需求 on the richest and most diverse continent on Earth.
下集预告 Next time...
一个在恐龙时代 ...a continent marooned
被放逐的大洲 during the time of the dinosaurs,
而随之飘流者 where the castaways...
样貌奇特 与众不同 ...are like nothing else on Earth.
澳大利亚 Australia.